Peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS): A valid and definitive therapeutical option for a case of anterior cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome (ACNES).

Anterior cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome (ACNES) is a cause of moderate to severe chronic pain, hyperesthesia/hypoesthesia, and altered perception of heat/cold in a specific region of the anterior abdominal wall, referable to the territory of innervation of one or more anterior branches of the intercostal nerves. None of the therapeutic options currently available has proved to be effective in the long term or decisive. In recent years, we have begun to treat purely sensory neuropathies, such as this, with the implantation of wireless peripheral nerve stimulators (PNS), achieving the safety of modular and personalized analgesia. We report the case of a 41-year-old man suffering from ACNES of the 8th intercostal nerve for two years. We first performed two consecutive ultrasound-guided diagnostic blocks of the anterior cutaneous branch of the 8th intercostal right nerve and then elected the patient for ultrasound-guided nerve decompression followed by neuromodulation and pulsed-radiofrequency (PRF). Taking into account full employment, young age, and the likelihood of having to repeat the treatment several times, we considered him for Peripheral Nerve Stimulation (PNS) implantation under ultrasound guidance, and we implanted the wireless lead at the anterior branch of the right 8th intercostal nerve, and programmed tonic stimulation 100 Hz PW 200 ms. The patient reported immediate pain relief and never took medication for this problem again, at two years follow-up. PNS has had an increasing role in the management of chronic neuropathic pain, especially in merely sensitive neuropathies like ACNES. We support future research on this theme.

[Rare nerve compression neuropathies] / Seltene Nervenkompressionssyndrome.

UNCOMMON NERVE COMPRESSION SYNDROMES: In regard to the complex anatomical relationship of peripheral nerves and muscles, tendons, fasciae as well as their long course within those anatomical structures and additional close contact to bony structures, they are prone to suffer from local compression syndromes. Hence creating a vast majority of entrapment syndromes - well described in literature for almost every single nerve. The purpose of this article is to give an overview of symptoms, signs, diagnostic studies and treatment options, addressing especially the less known syndromes. Compression syndromes of the upper arm and shoulder region include the suprascapular nerve syndrome the compression of the axillary nerve within the spatium quadrilaterale and the compression of the long thoracic nerve at the chest wall. The upper extremity offers a variety of infrequent entrapment syndromes, as the pronator teres syndrome and anterior interosseus syndrome, both resulting from pressure to the median nerve in the forearm. Compression neuropathy in the course of the radial nerve in the distal upper extremity is also known as supinator syndrome. Guyon's canal syndrome is the ulnar side equivalent to the well-known carpal tunnel syndrome. In the case of a Cheiralgia paresthetica, a compression of a sensory branch of the superficial radial nerve can be seen. In the lower extremities, a variety of nerves especially in the groin and thigh area can be compressed as they pass through the narrow spaces between the abdominal muscles or underneath the inguinal ligament. Compression of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve is the most common syndrome. Compression syndromes of the femoral and obturator nerves are most often iatrogenic. Pain around the knee, especially the lateral part and following orthopedic procedures of the knee, can arise from a compression or a lesion of a small infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve. Another probably underdiagnosed syndrome is piriformis syndrome, resulting from an entrapment of the sciatic nerve as it passes through certain muscular structures. In the distal lower extremity, the peroneal and tibial nerves can be compressed at multple sites, clinically known as peroneal nerve paralysis resulting from nerve compression around the fibular head, the anterior and posterior tarsal tunnel syndrome, and Morton's metatarsalgia.

[Rare Compression Syndrome of the Median Nerve due to a Supracondylar Humeral Process and a Ligament of Struthers]. / Seltenes Kompressionssyndrom des N. medianus durch den Processus supracondylaris und das Struthers-Ligament.

INTRODUCTION: A supracondylar process is a bony spur on the distal anteromedial surface of the humerus, and it is considered an anatomical variant with a prevalence of 0.4-2.7% according to anatomical studies. In almost all cases, it is associated with a fibrous, sometimes ossified ligament, which extends from the supracondylar process to the medial epicondyle. This ligament is known in the literature as the ligament of Struthers, named after the Scottish anatomist who first described it in detail in 1854. In rare cases, the supracondylar process can be a clinically relevant finding as a cause of nerve compression syndrome. The median and ulnar nerve can be trapped by the ring-shaped structure formed by the ligament of Struthers and the supracondylar process. CASE REPORT: A 59-year-old patient with symptoms of a cubital tunnel syndrome and additional ipsilateral sensory deficits in his thumb was referred to our clinic. Electroneurography showed no signs of an additional carpal tunnel syndrome. Preoperative x-ray and CT scans of the upper arm revealed a supracondylar process, which led us to suspect an associated entrapment of the median nerve. An MRI scan of the upper arm showed a ligament of Struthers and signs of a related median nerve compression as we initially assumed. We performed a surgical decompression of the median nerve in the distal upper arm and of the ulnar nerve in the cubital tunnel. Intraoperatively, there was evidence of compression of the median nerve due to the supracondylar process and the ligament of Struthers. The latter was cleaved and then resected along with the supracondylar process. Three months after surgery, the patient had no motor or sensory deficits. SUMMARY: The ring-shaped structure formed by the supracondylar process and ligament of Struthers represents a rare cause of compression syndrome of the median and ulnar nerve. Its incidence remains unknown so far. This anatomical variant should be considered a differential diagnosis in case of possibly related nerve entrapment symptoms after ruling out other, more frequent nerve compression causes. Moreover, the supracondylar process should be completely resected including the periosteum during surgery to minimise the risk of recurrence.

Visceral symptoms in patients with anterior cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome (ACNES): expression of viscerosomatic reflexes?

PURPOSE: Anterior cutaneous nerve entrapment (ACNES) is characterized by neuropathic pain in a predictable, circumscript abdominal area. The diagnostic delay is long, with half of ACNES-affected individuals reporting nausea, bloating, or loss of appetite mimicking visceral disease. The aim of this study was to describe these phenomena and to determine whether treatment could successfully reverse the visceral symptoms. METHODS: This prospective observational study was conducted between July 2017 and December 2020 at SolviMáx, Center of Excellence for Chronic Abdominal Wall and Groin Pain, Máxima Medical Center, Eindhoven. Adult patients who fulfilled published criteria for ACNES and reported at least one visceral symptom at intake were eligible for the study. A self-developed Visceral Complaints ACNES Score (VICAS) questionnaire that scores several visceral symptoms (minimum 1 point, maximum 9 points) was completed before and after therapy. The success of treatment was defined as at least 50% reduction in pain. RESULTS: Data from 100 selected patients (86 females) aged 39 ± 5 years were available for analysis. Frequently reported symptoms were abdominal bloating (78%), nausea (66%) and altered defecation (50%). Successful treatment significantly reduced the number of visceral symptoms, with a VICAS before of 3 (range 1-8) and after of 1 (range 0-6) (p < 0.001). A low baseline VICAS was associated with successful treatment outcome (OR 0.738, 95% CI 0.546-0.999). CONCLUSION: Patients with ACNES may report a variety of visceral symptoms. Successful treatment substantially reduces these visceral symptoms in selected patients.

Causes, symptoms, and treatments of nerve entrapments around the elbow: Current concepts.

The elbow is a joint extremely susceptible to stiffness, even after a trivial trauma. As for other joints, several factors can generate stiffness such as immobilisation, joint incongruity, heterotopic ossification, adhesions, or pain. Prolonged joint immobilisation, pursued to assure bony and ligamentous healing, represents the most acknowledged risk factor for joint stiffness. The elbow is a common site of nerve entrapment syndromes. The reasons are multifactorial, but peculiar elbow anatomy and biomechanics play a role. Passing from the arm into the forearm, the ulnar, median, and radial nerves run at the elbow in close rapport with the joint, fibrous arches and through narrow fibro-osseous tunnel. The elbow joint, in fact, has a large range of flexion which exposes nerves lying posterior to the axis of rotation to traction and those anterior to compression.

Uterine Fibroid-Induced Compressive Neuropathy of Lumbar Plexus and Obturator Nerve.

Introduction: Uterine fibroids are the most common gynecologic tumors in reproductive-aged women with a prevalence of up to 80%. Symptoms can range from heavy vaginal bleeding and bulk symptoms to, less frequently, deep vein thrombosis and bowel obstruction. Case Description: A 32-year-old female patient presented with acute-onset of right groin and knee pain, and difficulty ambulating. A large posterior uterine fibroid was found to be compressing branches of the lumbar plexus, including the obturator nerve. The patient underwent gynecologic evaluation and an urgent laparoscopic myomectomy. Postoperatively, she had significant improvement in neurologic symptoms. She continued physical therapy for residual mild paresthesia and pain with prolonged ambulation. Discussion: Large pelvic masses such as uterine fibroids should be considered on the differential diagnosis for acute-onset non-gynecologic symptoms such as compressive neuropathy, which require urgent evaluation and possible surgical management.

Meralgia Paresthetica: Relevance, Diagnosis, and Treatment.

BACKGROUND: Pain and sensory disturbance in the distribution of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve in the ventrolateral portion of the thigh is called meralgia paresthetica (MP). The incidence of MP has risen along with the increasing prevalence of obesity and diabetes mellitus and was recently estimated at 32 new cases per 100 000 persons per year. In this review, we provide an overview of current standards and developments in the diagnosis and treatment of MP. METHODS: This review is based on publications retrieved by a selective literature search, with special attention to meta-analyses, systematic reviews, randomized and controlled trials (RCTs), and prospective observational studies. RESULTS: The diagnosis is mainly based on typical symptoms combined with a positive response to an infiltration procedure. In atypical cases, electrophysiological testing, neurosonography, and magnetic resonance imaging can be helpful in establishing the diagnosis. The literature search did not reveal any studies of high quality. Four prospective observational studies with small case numbers and partly inconsistent results are available. In a meta-analysis of 149 cases, pain relief was described after infiltration in 85% of cases and after surgery in 80%, with 1-38 months of follow-up. In another meta-analysis of 670 cases, there was pain relief after infiltration in 22% of cases, after surgical decompression in 63%, and after neurectomy in 85%. Hardly any data are available on more recent treatment options, such as radiofrequency therapy, spinal cord stimulation, or peripheral nerve stimulation. CONCLUSION: The state of the evidence is limited in both quantity and quality, corresponding to evidence level 2a for surgical and non-surgical methods. Advances in imaging and neurophysiological testing have made the diagnosis easier to establish. When intervention is needed, good success rates have been achieved with surgery (decompression, neurectomy), and variable success rates with infiltration.

Variations of the obturator nerve and implications in obturator nerve entrapment treatment: an anatomical study.

INTRODUCTION: Obturator nerve entrapment or idiopathic obturator neuralgia is an unfamiliar pathology for many physicians which can lead to diagnostic errancy. This study aims to identify the potential compression areas of the obturator nerve to improve therapeutic management. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 18 anatomical dissections of lower limbs from 9 anatomical cadavers were performed. Endopelvic and exopelvic surgical approaches were utilized to study the anatomical variations of the nerve and to identify areas of entrapment. RESULTS: On 7 limbs, the posterior branch of the obturator nerve passed through the external obturator muscle. A fascia between the adductor brevis and longus muscles was present in 9 of the 18 limbs. The anterior branch of the obturator nerve was highly adherent to the fascia in 6 cases. In 3 limbs, the medial femoral circumflex artery was in close connection with the posterior branch of the nerve. CONCLUSION: Idiopathic obturator neuropathy remains a difficult diagnosis. Our cadaveric study did not allow us to formally identify one or more potential anatomical entrapment zones. However, it allowed the identification of zones at risk. A clinical study with staged analgesic blocks would be necessary to identify an anatomical area of compression and would allow targeted surgical neurolysis.

Compression Neuropathies: Revisions and Managing Expectations.

Most compression neuropathies can be reliably treated with surgical decompression; however, in approximately 25% of the cases, this release fails, requiring revision surgery. Defining the correct diagnosis after a failed nerve decompression (ie, persistent, recurrent, or new symptoms) is of the utmost importance and guides toward the optimal treatment. This article describes the clinical categorization of secondary carpal tunnel syndrome and cubital tunnel syndrome, intraoperative principles of revision surgery and treatment options that are currently available.

Radial Tunnel Syndrome: Review and Best Evidence.

Radial tunnel syndrome (RTS) is caused by compression of the posterior interosseous nerve and consists of a constellation of symptoms that have previously been characterized as aspects of other disease processes, as opposed to a distinct diagnosis. First described in the mid-20th century as "radial pronator syndrome," knowledge regarding the anatomy and presentation of RTS has advanced markedly over the past several decades. However, there remains notable controversy and ongoing research regarding diagnostic imaging, nonsurgical treatment options, and indications for surgical intervention. In this review, we will discuss the anatomic considerations of RTS, relevant physical examination findings, potential diagnostic modalities, and outcomes of several treatment options.

Anterior cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome in children.

QUESTION: I frequently see adolescents with recurrent abdominal pain in my family medicine clinic. While the diagnosis frequently is a benign condition such as constipation, I recently heard that after 2 years of recurrent pain, an adolescent was diagnosed with anterior cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome (ACNES). How is this condition diagnosed? What is the recommended treatment? ANSWER: Anterior cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome, first described almost 100 years ago, is caused by entrapment of the anterior branch of the abdominal cutaneous nerve as it pierces the anterior rectus abdominis muscle fascia. The limited awareness of the condition in North America results in misdiagnosis and delayed diagnosis. Carnett sign-in which pain worsens when using a "hook-shaped" finger to palpate a purposefully tense abdominal wall-helps to confirm if pain originates from the abdominal viscera or from the abdominal wall. Acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were not found to be effective, but ultrasound-guided local anesthetic injections seem to be an effective and safe treatment for ACNES, resulting in relief of pain in most adolescents. For those with ACNES and ongoing pain, surgical cutaneous neurectomy by a pediatric surgeon should be considered.

Multiple Compression Syndromes of the Same Upper Extremity: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Treatment Outcomes of Concomitant Treatment.

PURPOSE: Multiple nerve compression syndromes can co-occur. Little is known about this coexistence, especially about risk factors and surgical outcomes. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the prevalence of multiple nerve compression syndromes in the same arm in a surgical cohort and determine risk factors. Additionally, the surgical outcomes of concomitant treatment were studied. METHODS: The prevalence of surgically treated multiple nerve compression syndromes within one year was assessed using a review of patients' electronic records. Patient characteristics, comorbidities, and baseline scores of the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire were considered as risk factors. To determine the treatment outcomes of simultaneous treatment, patients who underwent concomitant carpal tunnel release (CTR) and cubital tunnel release (CubTR) were selected. The treatment outcomes were Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire scores at intake and at 3 and 6 months after the surgery, satisfaction 6 months after the surgery, and return to work within the first year. RESULTS: A total of 7,867 patients underwent at least one nerve decompression between 2011 and 2021. Of these patients, 2.9% underwent multiple decompressions for the same upper extremity within one year. The risk factors for this were severe symptoms, younger age, and smoking. Furthermore, the treatment outcomes of concomitant CTR and CubTR did not differ from those of CubTR alone. The median time to return to work after concomitant treatment was 6 weeks. Patients who underwent CTR or CubTR alone returned to work after 4 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 3% of the patients who underwent surgical treatment for nerve compression syndrome underwent decompression for another nerve within 1 year. Patients who report severe symptoms at intake, are younger, or smoke are at a greater risk. Patients with carpal and cubital tunnel syndrome may benefit from simultaneous decompression. The time to return to work may be less than if they underwent decompressions in separate procedures, whereas their surgical outcomes are comparable with those of CubTR alone. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic IV.

Pulsed radiofrequency in a paediatric patient with disabling ACNES.

Chronic abdominal pain is a highly prevalent entity in the paediatric population and represents a diagnostic challenge for professionals. It is frequently underdiagnosed, and must be treated by a multidisciplinary team after a detailed clinical evaluation has been performed to rule out other pathologies. Anterior cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome (ACNES) occurs when the anterior cutaneous abdominal nerves become pinched or trapped, causing intense, unilateral, circumscribed abdominal pain. Patients often present a positive Pinch test or Carnett's sign. A stepwise therapeutic approach should be used, reserving the most invasive techniques for patients with refractory ACNES. Among the many different treatments available, local anaesthesia infiltration has shown a high success rate, and surgery should only be performed in the most refractory cases. We report the case of an 11-year old girl with a 6-month history of ACNES that severely affected her quality of life, who responded well to pulsed radiofrequency ablation.

[RADIAL TUNNEL SYNDROME].

INTRODUCTION: The radial tunnel syndrome (RTS) is an entrapment of the radial nerve in the forearm. It is characterized by pain focused on the trapping area in the proximal forearm as well as pain radiated down the forearm. The syndrome is more common in men and in our estimation, there is a circumstantial connection to the continuous use of the computer keyboard. Radial tunnel syndrome is a consequence of nerve entrapment in the tunnel, which is formed from a covering consisting of the supinator muscle and the distal margins of this muscle. There is a clear association between radial tunnel syndrome and the occurrence of tennis elbow. The sensitivity in nearby locations along with the lack of familiarity of some of the clinicians with RTS lead to misdiagnosis and therefore, even to mistreatment in some cases. The physical examination is the most important means of making the correct diagnosis. The treatment of radial tunnel syndrome is divided into the conservative one in which emphasis is placed on physiotherapy and mobilizations of the nerve and the surgical one during which decompression of the radial canal is performed and in fact release of pressure at the exact anatomical location.

Decompression with Brachioradialis Tenotomy Improves Pain and Quality of Life in Patients with Radial Sensory Nerve Compression.

BACKGROUND: Decompression of the superficial sensory branch of the radial nerve (SBRN) with complete brachioradialis tenotomy may treat pain in both simple and complex cases of SBRN compression neuropathy. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed of consecutive patients undergoing this procedure between 2008 and 2020 including postoperative outcomes within 90 days. Data were collected and analyzed, including patient and injury demographics, pain descriptors, and patient-reported pain questionnaire, including reported pain severity and impact on quality of life using visual analogue scale (VAS) instruments. Within-group presurgical and postsurgical analyses and between-group statistical analyses were performed. RESULTS: Thirty-three of 58 patients met inclusion criteria. Median time from symptom onset to surgery was 300 days, and median postoperative follow-up time was 37 days. Twenty-five percent of patients ( n = 8) underwent isolated SBRN decompression. The remainder had concomitant decompression of another radial [ n = 16 (48%) or peripheral [ n = 12 (36%)] entrapment point. Ten of 33 patients (30%) had resolution of pain at final follow-up ( P = 0.004). Median change in worst pain over the previous week was -4 ( P < 0.001), and average pain over the last month was -2.75 ( P < 0.001) on the VAS. The impact of pain on quality of life showed a median change of -3 ( P < 0.001) on the VAS. CONCLUSION: Decompression of the sensory branch of the radial nerve including a complete brachioradialis tenotomy improves pain and quality-of-life VAS scores in patients with both simple compression neuropathy syndrome and complex nerve compression syndrome. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, IV.

Conservative management of distal bicipital tendinopathy with lateral antebrachial nerve entrapment: A case report.

INTRODUCTION: Kettlebell snatches are an efficient and effective exercise. If the kettlebell being utilized is too heavy or too many repetitions are executed, this can lead to an overuse injury such as a tendinopathy. Multiple orthopedic tests exist to evaluate for a distal biceps tendon rupture. At present, there are no publications utilizing shockwave and active rehabilitation to treat distal bicipital tendinopathy with Lateral Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve (LABCN) entrapment. Currently, no published manuscripts are reporting distal bicipital tendinopathy with LABCN nerve entrapment being treated successfully with shockwave and active rehabilitation over the course of 5 weeks. METHODS: The objective of this case report is to examine the conservative management of a 37-year-old male with a diagnosis of distal bicipital tendinopathy and LABCN entrapment. The patient presents with discomfort originated weeks prior after an intense block of kettlebell training. The patient was diagnosed with brachioradialis tendinopathy due to the specifics of his injury. Following the initial evaluation, the patient was unable to supinate the forearm past 45° actively, yet he can passively achieve 90°, although this is done with minor discomfort. DISCUSSION: The patient's rehab began with the execution of wrist, elbow, and shoulder controlled articular rotation (CARS). The concept of CARs is to train the joint and soft tissues to respond to full range activity. A progressive approach utilizing isometric to eccentric exercise with extracorporeal shockwave was used. The authors studied forty-eight patients with chronic distal biceps tendinopathy. After five shockwave therapy treatments over three months, there was a significant decrease in symptomology without complications (Furia et al., 2017). CONCLUSION: This case report demonstrates that active rehabilitation and shockwave therapy effectively resolved the patient's symptoms with no adverse reactions. Additionally, the case report can be a suggested management protocol for successful conservative management for patients with suspected distal bicipital tendinopathy with LABCN entrapment going forward.

Diagnosis and treatment of meralgia paresthetica between 2005 and 2018: a national cohort study.

The prevalence of meralgia paresthetica (MP), which is caused by compression of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN), has been increasing over recent decades. Since guidelines and large-scale studies are lacking, there are substantial regional differences in diagnostics and management in MP care. Our study aims to report on current diagnostic and therapeutic strategies as well as time trends in clinical MP management in Germany. Patients hospitalized in Germany between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2018, with MP as their primary diagnosis were identified using the International Classification of Disease (ICD-10) code G57.1 and standardized operations and procedures codes (OPS). A total of 5828 patients with MP were included. The rate of imaging studies increased from 44% in 2005 to 79% in 2018 (p < 0.001) and that of non-imaging diagnostic studies from 70 to 93% (p < 0.001). Among non-imaging diagnostics, the rates of evoked potentials and neurography increased from 20%/16% in 2005 to 36%/23% in 2018 (p < 0.001, respectively). Rates of surgical procedures for MP decreased from 53 to 37% (p < 0.001), while rates of non-surgical procedures increased from 23 to 30% (p < 0.001). The most frequent surgical interventions were decompressive procedures at a mean annual rate of 29% (± 5) throughout the study period, compared to a mean annual rate of 5% (± 2) for nerve transection procedures. Between 2005 and 2018, in-hospital MP care in Germany underwent significant changes. The rates of imaging, evoked potentials, neurography, and non-surgical management increased. The decompression of the LFCN was substantially more frequent than that of the LFCN transection, yet both types of intervention showed a substantial decrease in in-hospital prevalence over time.

Treatment of Peripheral Nerve Compression Syndromes of the Upper Extremities: a Systematic Review. / Die Therapie peripherer Nervenkompressionssyndrome der oberen Extremität ­ eine systematische Übersichtsarbeit.

BACKGROUND: Nerve compression syndromes are referred to as chronic irritation or pressure palsies of peripheral nerves in areas of preformed anatomical constriction. Carpal tunnel syndrome is the most common nerve compression syndrome, followed by cubital tunnel syndrome. In addition, less frequent nerve compression syndromes of the upper extremities that affect the median, ulnar or radial nerves have been described. This review provides an overview of current treatment options for nerve compression syndromes of the upper extremities. STUDY DESIGN: Systematic overview. METHODS: Based on established national (AWMF) and international guidelines as well as the Cochrane Library, we performed a systematic literature search on PubMed (NLM), focusing on randomised controlled trials. RESULTS: Over the research period (2012 - 2020), there were 43 randomised trials that investigated surgical carpal tunnel release methods, 68 that compared different conservative therapies and 12 that compared surgical versus conservative treatments. Furthermore, eight studies analysed surgical techniques and four analysed conservative techniques for cubital tunnel syndrome. No randomised trials were conducted on the less common peripheral nerve compression syndromes, but case reports and observational studies were conducted. CONCLUSION: For carpal and cubital tunnel syndromes, there are evidence-based diagnostic methods as well as therapeutic recommendations based on randomised and controlled trials. When diagnosis is made after clinical examination and supported by radiological and electrophysiological evaluation, surgical treatment is considered superior to conservative treatment. In particular, excellent long-term results can be achieved by surgery for carpal and cubital tunnel syndromes. More controlled studies are needed to establish evidence-based therapeutic recommendations for the less common nerve compression syndromes, which are somewhat controversially and inconsistently defined.

Meralgia paresthetica mimic after Moderna COVID­19 vaccine.

This report describes the case of a 56-year-old male who developed unilateral right anterior thigh numbness which began 16 hours after receiving his second Moderna COVID-19 vaccine in the left deltoid. The numbness persisted and after one week a circular, raised, painless area with a red border appeared in the center of the anterior thigh which resolved after 2 weeks spontaneously. There was no clinical history or risk factors consistent with meralgia paresthetica. At his 6 month follow up the patient reported that his symptoms spontaneously resolved. While many other non-specific neurologic side effects of COVID-19 vaccines have been documented, this is the first case of meralgia paresthetica documented after a vaccine without any other risk factors for the syndrome. COVID vaccines should be considered as a potential cause of very localized peripheral neuropathy.